10.+Personality+Questions


 * Section X: **

1. The text defines //personality// as: A) the set of personal attitudes that characterizes a person. C) a predictable set of responses to environmental stimuli. D) an unpredictable set of responses to environmental stimuli.
 * B) an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. **

2. Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind? A) the humanistic perspective B) the social-cognitive perspective C) the trait perspective
 * D) the psychoanalytic perspective **

3. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a child who frequently “slips” and calls her teacher “mom” //probably//: B) is fixated in the oral stage of development. C) did not receive unconditional positive regard from her mother. D) can be classified as having a weak sense of personal control.
 * A) has some unresolved conflicts concerning her mother. **

4. A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) all of the above are differences. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">5. According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) our unacceptable urges and our tendency to become self-actualized. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) the process of identification and the ego's defense mechanisms. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the collective unconscious and our individual desires.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) our biological impulses and the social restraints against them. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">6. Id is to ego as is to. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) reality principle; pleasure principle <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) conscious forces; unconscious forces <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) conscience; “personality executive”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) pleasure principle; reality principle **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">7. A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong and a weak. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) id and ego; superego <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) id; ego and superego <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) ego; superego <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">8. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) anal; oral; phallic; latency; genital <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) oral; anal; genital; latency; phallic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) anal; oral; genital; latency; phallic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) id; superego **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">9. According to Freud, is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) reaction formation; superegos <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) reaction formation; egos <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) identification; egos
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) identification; superegos **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">10. Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) projecting her anxiety onto others. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) fixated in the anal stage of development. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) displacing her anxiety onto others.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) fixated in the oral stage of development. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">11. The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) anal stage. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) oral stage. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) latency stage.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) phallic stage. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) anger. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) fear. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) lust.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) anxiety. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">13. Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purchase, she raves to her friends about the car's attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) displacement. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) reaction formation. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) projection.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) rationalization. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">14. Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) Freud placed too great an emphasis on the conscious mind. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the years of childhood were more important in the formation of personality than Freud had indicated. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) Freud's ideas about the id, ego, and superego as personality structures were incorrect.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">15. The personality test Teresa is taking involves her describing random patterns of dots. What type of test is she taking? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) an empirically derived test <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) the MMPI <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) a personality inventory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) a projective test **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">16. Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) an internal locus of control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) a reaction formation. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) neurotic anxiety.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) learned helplessness. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">17. Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) their scoring system is too rigid and leads to unfair labeling. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) they were standardized with unrepresentative samples. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) it is easy for people to fake answers in order to appear healthy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) they have low reliability and low validity. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">18. Which of Freud's ideas would //not// be accepted by most contemporary psychologists? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) Sexuality is a potent drive in humans. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) The mind is an iceberg with consciousness being only the tip. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) Repression can be the cause of forgetting.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) Development is essentially fixed in childhood. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">19. Which of the following was //not// mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) The theory is sexist. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) It offers few testable hypotheses. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) The theory ignores the fact that human development is lifelong.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) There is no evidence of anything like an “unconscious.” **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">20. Professor Minton believes that people strive to find meaning in life because they are terrified of their own mortality. Evidently, Professor Minton is a proponent of: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) psychodynamic theory. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the humanistic perspective. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) the social-cognitive perspective.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) terror-management theory. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">21. Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as than for defense mechanisms such as. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) displacement; reaction formation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) displacement; regression <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) displacement; projection
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) reaction formation; displacement **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">22. The humanistic perspective on personality: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) emphasizes the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) describes personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) emphasizes the growth potential of “healthy” individuals. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">23. Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) has an internal locus of control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) is an extravert. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) is a Self-Actualization. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">24. In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) empathy. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) acceptance. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) genuineness.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) altruism. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">25. According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) honesty, sincerity, and empathy. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">26. The school psychologist believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is working within the perspective. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) psychoanalytic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) trait <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) social-cognitive
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) humanistic **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">27. Wanda wishes to instill in her children an accepting attitude toward other people. Maslow and Rogers would probably recommend that she: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) use discipline sparingly. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) be affectionate with her children only when they behave as she wishes. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) do all of the above.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) teach her children first to accept themselves. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">28. For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our is or. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) ego; strong; weak <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) locus of control; internal; external <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) personality structure; introverted; extraverted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) self-concept; positive; negative **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">29. Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) Its concepts are vague and subjective. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) All of the above are common criticisms. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">30. Dr. Gonzalez believes that most students can be classified as “Type A” or “Type B” according to the intensities of their personalities and competitiveness. Evidently, Dr. Gonzalez is working within the perspective. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) psychoanalytic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) humanistic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) social-cognitive
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) trait **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">31. Trait theory attempts to: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) show how development of personality is a lifelong process. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits, behavior, and the environment.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">32. The classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) MMPI <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) Locus of Control Scale <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) Kagan Temperament Scale
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">33. Isaiah is sober and reserved; Rashid is fun-loving and affectionate. The Eysencks would say that Isaiah and Rashid. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) has an internal locus of control; has an external locus of control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) has an external locus of control; has an internal locus of control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) is an extravert; is an introvert
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) is an introvert; is an extravert **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">34. Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) internal-external locus of control and extraversion-introversion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) internal-external locus of control and emotional stability-instability <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) melancholic-phlegmatic and choleric-sanguine
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">35. Nadine has a relatively low level of brain arousal. Trait theorists would probably predict that she is: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) an extravert. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) an unstable person. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) both a. and c.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) an introvert. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">36. Because you have a relatively low level of brain arousal, a trait theorist would suggest that you are a(n) who would naturally seek. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) introvert; stimulation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) introvert; isolation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) extravert; isolation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) extravert; stimulation **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">37. In studying personality, a trait theorist would //most// //likely//: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) use a projective test. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) observe a person in a variety of situations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) use the method of free association.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) use a personality inventory. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">38. A psychologist at the campus mental health center administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist //most likely// administer? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) the TAT <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the Rorschach <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) the Locus of Control Scale
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) the MMPI **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">39. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n): <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) projective personality test. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) empirically derived and objective personality test. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">40. The Big Five personality factors are: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">41. For his class presentation, Bruce plans to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe others or themselves. Which of the following is //not// a factor that Bruce will discuss? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) extraversion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) openness <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) conscientiousness
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) independence **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">42. Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) all of the above are true.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">43. A major criticism of trait theory is that it: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) places too great an emphasis on positive traits.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">44. With regard to personality, it appears that: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and little consistency of traits over the life span. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but little consistency of traits over the life span. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) there is significant consistency of behavior from one situation to the next and significant consistency of traits over the life span.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) there is little consistency of behavior from one situation to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">45. Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Dayna's inconsistent behavior: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) indicates that she is emotionally troubled and may need professional counseling. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) is a sign of learned helplessness. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) probably reflects a temporary problem in another area of her life.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) is not necessarily unusual. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">46. Today's personality researchers focus their work on: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) basic dimensions of personality. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) the interaction of persons and environments. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) grand theories of behavior.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) a. and b. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">47. In high school, Britta and Debbie were best friends. They thought they were a lot alike, as did everyone else who knew them. After high school, they went on to very different colleges, careers, and life courses. Now, at their twenty-fifth reunion, they are shocked at how little they have in common. Bandura would suggest that their differences reflect the interactive effects of environment, personality, and behavior, which he refers to as: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) personal control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) identification. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) the self-serving bias.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) reciprocal determinism. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">48. Which perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) psychoanalytic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) trait <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) humanistic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) social-cognitive **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">49. Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents, she chose to enroll in a conservative college. After four years in this environment, Ramona's politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona's upbringing, choice of school, and political viewpoint? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) psychoanalytic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) trait <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) humanistic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) social-cognitive **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">50. With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) “Externals” are better able to cope with stress than “internals.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) “Internals” are less independent than “externals.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) All of the above are true.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">51. Research on locus of control indicates that internals are than externals. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) more dependent <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) more intelligent <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) more sociable
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) better able to cope with stress **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">52. Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) less critical of others. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) more likely to display a self-serving bias. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) less likely to display a self-serving bias.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) more critical of others. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">53. (Close-Up) During a class discussion, Trevor argues that the recent “positive psychology” is sure to wane in popularity, since it suffers from the same criticisms as humanistic psychology. You counter his argument by pointing out that, unlike humanistic psychology, positive psychology: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) focuses on advancing human fulfillment. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) is not based on the study of individual characteristics. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) has all of the above characteristics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) is rooted in science. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">54. In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would //most likely// make use of: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) personality inventories. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) projective tests. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) factor analyses.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) observing behavior in different situations. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">55. Which of the following is a major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) It focuses too much on early childhood experiences. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) It provides descriptions but not explanations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) It lacks appropriate assessment techniques.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">56. Which of the following statements about self-esteem is //not// correct? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">57. The behavior of many people has been described in terms of a spotlight effect. This means that they: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) tend to see themselves as being above average in ability. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) do all of the above.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">58. Which of the following groups tends to suffer from relatively low self-esteem? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) women <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) ethnic minorities <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) disabled persons
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) none of the above **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">59. An example of the self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) see themselves as better than average on nearly any desirable dimension. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) accept more responsibility for successes than failures. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) be overly critical of other people.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) do both a. and b. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">60. James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) internal locus of control. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) unconditional positive regard. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) reciprocal determinism.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) the self-serving bias. **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">61. Regarding the self-serving bias, psychologists who study the self have found that self-affirming thinking: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">A) is generally maladaptive to the individual because it distorts reality by overinflating self-esteem. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">C) tends to prevent the individual from viewing others with compassion and understanding. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">D) tends //not// to characterize people who have experienced unconditional positive regard.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">B) is generally adaptive to the individual because it maintains self-confidence and minimizes depression. **

1. B 2. D  3. A  4. D  5. D  6. B  7. D  8. A  9. C  10. B 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. C 20. A 21. B 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B 36. C 37. C 38. A 39. B 40. D 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. B

45. C 46. D 47. A 48. D 49. D 50. A 51. C 52. A 53. B 54. C 55. B 56. C 57. C 58. D 59. D 60. C 61. B