01.+History+and+Approaches+Questions

1. To say that “psychology is a science” means that: A) psychologists study only observable behaviors. B) psychologists study thoughts and actions with an attitude of skepticism and derive their conclusions from direct observations. C) psychological research should be free of value judgments.
 * D) all of the above are true. **

4. The subfield that studies the specific genes that influence behavior is: A) behavior genetics. B) molecular genetics. C) evolutionary psychology. D) biopsychosocial genetics.

5. According to evolutionary psychology, men are drawn sexually to women who seem, while women are attracted to men who seem. A) nurturing; youthful **B) youthful and fertile; mature and affluent ** C) slender; muscular D) exciting; dominant

6. Which theory states that gender becomes a lens through which children view their experiences? A) social learning theory B) sociocultural theory C) cognitive theory
 * D) gender schema theory **

7. Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing our sensory experiences? A) Locke C) Gibson D) Walk
 * B) Kant **

8. According to the philosopher, we learn to perceive the world. **A) Locke ** B) Kant C) Gibson D) Walk

9. For two weeks, Orlando has been on a hunger strike in order to protest his country's involvement in what he perceives as an immoral war. Orlando's willingness to starve himself in order to make a political statement conflicts with the theory of motivation advanced by: A) Kinsey. B) Murray. C) Keys. **D) Maslow. **

10. According to Maslow's theory: A) the most basic motives are based on physiological needs. B) needs are satisfied in a specified order. C) the highest motives relate to self-actualization. **D) all of the above are true. **

11. With regard to emotions, Darwin believed that: A) the expression of emotions helped our ancestors to survive. B) all humans express basic emotions using similar facial expressions. C) human facial expressions of emotion retain elements of animals' emotional displays.
 * D) all of the above are true. **

12. Which of the following places the greatest emphasis on the unconscious mind? A) the humanistic perspective B) the social-cognitive perspective C) the trait perspective **D) the psychoanalytic perspective **

13. A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong and a weak. A) id and ego; superego B) id; ego and superego C) **ego; superego** D) id; superego

14. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud? A) oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital B) anal; oral; phallic; latency; genital C) oral; anal; genital; latency; phallic D) anal; oral; genital; latency; phallic

15. According to Freud, is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their. A) reaction formation; superegos B) reaction formation; egos **C) identification; superegos** D) identification; egos

16. Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is: A) projecting her anxiety onto others. **B) fixated in the oral stage of development.** C) fixated in the anal stage of development. D) displacing her anxiety onto others.

17. The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the: A) anal stage. B) oral stage. C) latency stage. **D) phallic stage.**

18. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing: A) anger. B) fear. **C) anxiety.** D) lust.

19. Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purchase, she raves to her friends about the car's attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of: A) displacement. **B) reaction formation.** C) rationalization. D) projection.

20. Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that: A) Freud placed too great an emphasis on the conscious mind. **B) Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.** C) the years of childhood were more important in the formation of personality than Freud had indicated. D) Freud's ideas about the id, ego, and superego as personality structures were incorrect.

21. Which of Freud's ideas would //not// be accepted by most contemporary psychologists? **A) Development is essentially fixed in childhood.** B) Sexuality is a potent drive in humans. C) The mind is an iceberg with consciousness being only the tip. D) Repression can be the cause of forgetting.

22. Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he: A) has an internal locus of control. B) is an extravert. C) has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages. **D) is a self-actualizing person.**

23. According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are: A) honesty, sincerity, and empathy. **B) high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy.** C) high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance. D) genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

24. Wanda wishes to instill in her children an accepting attitude toward other people. Maslow and Rogers would probably recommend that she: **A) teach her children first to accept themselves.** B) use discipline sparingly. C) be affectionate with her children only when they behave as she wishes. D) do all of the above.

25. Carl Rogers was a therapist who was the creator of. A) behavior; systematic desensitization B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy **C) humanistic; client-centered therapy** D) cognitive; cognitive therapy for depression

26. The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of: A) observational learning. **B) classical conditioning.** C) operant conditioning. D) behavior modification.

27. Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by: A) attribution theory. **B) cognitive dissonance theory.** C) social exchange theory. D) evolutionary psychology.

28. After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter, frightening the clerk. Teresa's behavior is best explained by: A) evolutionary psychology. B) the reciprocity norm. C) social exchange theory. **D) the frustration-aggression principle.**

29. After Sandy helped Jack move into his new apartment, Jack felt obligated to help Sandy when she moved. Jack's sense of responsibility can best be explained by: A) evolutionary psychology. B) two-factor theory. C) the social responsibility norm. **D) the reciprocity norm.**

30. A psychologist who studies family dynamics and their effects on behavior of individuals in different regions would probably be a ___ psychologist. A) Learning **B) Cultural** C) Developmental D) Cognitive